Use of eupatilin as pharmaceutical composition for prevention and treatment of fibrosis using EMT inhibitory activity

ABSTRACT

A pharmaceutical composition contains the chromone derivative of Chemical Formula 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt as an active ingredient, thus effectively inhibiting the activation of EMT to thereby enable the effective suppression of a disease caused by fibrosis of an organ or tissue in vivo due to the activation of EMT.

CROSS REFERENCE TO PRIOR APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation Application of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 15/347,795 filed on Nov. 10, 2016 under 35 U.S.C. §120, which claims priority to Korean Patent Application Nos.10-2016-0020673 filed on Feb. 22, 2016, 10-2016-0032719 filed on Mar.18, 2016, 10-2016-0062556 filed on Mar. 23, 2016, and 10-2016-0118158filed on Sep. 13, 2016, which are all hereby incorporated by referencein their entirety.

BACKGROUND 1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a new use of a chromone derivative as apharmaceutical composition for the prevention and treatment of fibrosisusing epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) inhibitory activity and,more particularly, to the novel use of a chromone derivative as an agentfor the prevention and treatment of fibrosis, using the activity of thechromone derivative, which has been newly found to inhibit EMT.

2. Description of the Related Art

Fibrosis is a disease in which excess fibrous connective tissue isformed in an organ or tissue in a reparative or developmental process,such fibrous connective tissue being distinguished from normally formedfibrous tissue. When excess fibrous connective tissue is formed in anorgan or tissue, the tissue becomes hard and the inflow of body fluidsmay decrease, making it impossible to sufficiently perform inherentliving functions. It is known to be caused by injuries, inflammation,burns, radiation, chemotherapy, lymphedema, etc. Problems related tofibrosis may vary depending on the location at which fibrous connectivetissue is formed, and the liver, glands, and lungs are mainly damaged.Typical examples of fibrosis include idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis(IPF), myelofibrosis, liver fibrosis, and kidney fibrosis.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is an interstitial lung disease, whichchronically progresses and has a bad prognosis and for which therapeuticmethods have not yet been proven. It is diagnosed when a honeycomb shapeor an irregular shape is observed in a lung biopsy. Dyspnea graduallyoccurs, and hypoxia or myocardial infarction is caused, undesirablyleading to death. The causes thereof have not been determined to date,but are considered to be due to various factors, such as theenvironment, viruses, heredity, toxic compounds, etc., to thus incurinflammation in the lungs, and fibrous cells are excessively manipulatedduring the recovery of such inflammation, whereby fibrosis progresses inthe lungs.

Myelofibrosis is a bone marrow disorder in which excessive fibroustissue formation occurs, thus disrupting the production of blood cellsand changing the numbers of erythrocytes and leukocytes and the actionthereof. It includes idiopathic myelofibrosis and secondarymyelofibrosis. Specifically, idiopathic myelofibrosis exhibits severefibroplasias of the systemic bone marrow, hypertrophy symptoms, andimmature granulocytes or nucleated erythrocytes in the peripheral blood.The cause thereof is not obvious, but is deemed to be due to poisoningof the bone marrow, inflammation, etc. Secondary myelofibrosis is causedduring the progression of leukemia, malignant lymphoma, bone marrowmetastasis of cancer, poisoning by chemicals, etc. Effective therapeuticagents therefor have not yet been developed.

Liver fibrosis is also referred to as “liver cirrhosis”, and is adisease in which the function of the liver is deteriorated due to theconversion of normal liver tissue into fibrotic tissue, such asregenerative nodules, because of chronic inflammation. It mainly occurswhen the inflammatory state of the liver continues due to chronichepatitis B or C, excessive alcohol consumption, or hepatotoxicsubstances. The treatment thereof aims to slow the progression ofsymptoms as much as possible. Although antiviral drugs may be useddepending on the causes thereof, the effects thereof are unknown fordifferent cases.

Kidney fibrosis is a progressive disease in which extracellular matrixaccumulates, thus causing fibrosis in the kidneys, and includesglomerular sclerosis and tubular interstitial fibrosis. Side effectsoccur in the kidneys due to the fibrosis of the kidneys. It is caused bytrauma, infection, surgery, environmental factors, chemicals, radiationexposure, etc., and may give rise to symptoms such as pain, urinaryissues, nausea, vomiting, etc. Although such symptoms are controlledusing drugs or via kidney transplantation, there is a need to develop aneffective therapeutic agent therefor.

Meanwhile, Grande et al. recently reported research results in whichTwist and Snail, main regulators of epithelial mesenchymal transition(hereinafter, referred to as “EMT”), play an important role in fibrosisof the kidneys, and Lovisa et al. also reported that EMT has a strongeffect on kidney fibrosis. EMT refers to the phenomenon by which normalcells undergo genetic reprogramming in the form of mesenchymal cells,which are easily transportable due to changes in the cytoskeleton inintermediate stages during transformation into tumor cells. Hence,metastasis and the proliferation of tumors are considered to besuppressed when the expression of EMT-associated proteins is inhibited,and thus thorough research into EMT is being carried out in order todevelop tumor therapeutic agents. Hundreds of EMT regulators, includingTwist, Snail, Slug, E-Cadherin, Vimentin, Collagen1 α1, etc., are known.

Suzuki et al. reported that DEC2 (BHLHE41) is a transcriptionalrepressor of Twist, which is an EMT regulator, and when the expressionof DEC2 is suppressed, EMT is activated, thus resulting in malignanttumors. Also, Sato et al. reported that DEC2 functions to inhibit theexpression of Slug, which is an EMT regulator, to thus suppress theformation of malignant tumors induced by TGF-β. In addition thereto,many researchers have reported the association of an EMT regulator withcancer metastasis using DEC2.

Research into EMT and EMT regulators has been mainly carried out forcancers or tumors. However, the present inventors have paid attention tothe correlation between EMT and fibrosis based on some conventionalresearch results and thus have conceived the notion that if EMT can beregulated, fibrosis can be prevented and treated.

Meanwhile, natural compounds having a chromone (chromen-4-one,4H-chromen-4-one) structure are typically exemplified by eupatilin,wogonin, myricetin and the like, among which eupatilin is known to becontained in Artemisia asiatica, and has been mainly studied for itsanticancer effects.

The present inventors have paid attention to the correlation between EMTand fibrosis and the correlation between DEC2 and EMT and haveresearched the possibility of using a chromone derivative, includingeupatilin, as a therapeutic agent for fibrosis, based on the observationthat eupatilin is able to upregulate DEC2 mRNA of macrophagesdifferentiated from bone marrow cells. The inhibitory effect of thechromone derivative on EMT has been newly proven based on cell modelsand animal models, and fibrosis of the organs or tissues due to theactivation of EMT may be effectively inhibited by such compounds, thusculminating in the present invention.

CITATION LIST Non-Patent Literature

-   Grande M T, Sanchez-Laorden B, Lopez-Blau C, De Frutos C A, Boutet    A, Arevalo M, Rowe R G, Weiss S J, Lopez-Novoa J M, Nieto M A.    Snail1-induced partial epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition drives    renal fibrosis in mice and can be targeted to reverse established    disease. Nat Med. 2015 September; 21(9): 989-97.-   Lovisa S, LeBleu V S, Tampe B, Sugimoto H, Vadnagara K, Carstens J    L, Wu C C, Hagos Y, Burckhardt B C, Pentcheva-Hoang T, Nischal H,    Allison J P, Zeisberg M, Kalluri R. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal    transition induces cell cycle arrest and parenchymal damage in renal    fibrosis. Nat Med. 2015 September; 21 (9):998-1009.-   Suzuki M, Sato F, Bhawal U K. The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH)    transcription factor DEC2 negatively regulates Twistl through an    E-box element. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2014 Dec. 12;    455(3-4):390-5.-   Sato F, Kawamura H, Wu Y, Sato H, Jin D, Bhawal U K, Kawamoto T,    Fujimoto K, Noshiro M, Seino H, Morohashi S, Kato Y, Kijima H. The    basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor DEC2 inhibits    TGF-β-induced tumor progression in human pancreatic cancer BxPC-3    cells. Int J Mol Med. 2012 September; 30(3):495-501.-   Dong Y, Geng Y, Li L, Li X, Yan X, Fang Y, Li X, Dong S, Liu X, Li    X, Yang X, Zheng X, Xie T, Liang J, Dai H, Liu X, Yin Z, Noble P W,    Jiang D, Ning W. Blocking follistatin-like 1 attenuates    bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. J Exp Med. 2015 Feb.    9; 212 (2):235-52.

SUMMARY

Accordingly, the present invention has been made keeping in mind theabove problems encountered in the related art, and the present inventionis intended to provide the novel use of a chromone derivative as anagent for the prevention and treatment of fibrosis.

In addition, the present invention is intended to provide a novelpharmaceutical composition for the prevention and treatment of fibrosis.

In addition, the present invention is intended to provide a method ofeffectively preventing and treating fibrosis.

An aspect of the present invention provides a pharmaceutical compositionfor the prevention and treatment of a disease caused by fibrosis of anorgan or tissue in vivo, containing, as an active ingredient, a compoundselected from among a chromone derivative represented by ChemicalFormula 1 below and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In Chemical Formula 1, R₁ is hydrogen, a hydroxyl group, a methoxygroup, a trifluoromethyl group or an acetoxy group, R₂ is a methylgroup, an ethyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a phenylgroup or a benzyl group, R₃ is hydrogen, an ethyl group, an acetylgroup, an acetoxy group, a carboxyl group, a benzoyloxy group or a3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoyloxy group, and R₄ to R₆ are each independentlyhydrogen, a hydroxyl group, a methyl group, a methoxy group, an acetoxygroup, a carboxyl group or a benzoyloxy group.

The pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is particularlyeffective for the prevention and treatment of a disease caused by thefibrosis of an organ or tissue in vivo, especially a disease selectedfrom the group consisting of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis,myelofibrosis, liver fibrosis, and kidney fibrosis.

Preferably, in the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention,R₁ is a hydroxyl group or a methoxy group, R₂ is a methyl group, R₃ ishydrogen, R₅ is a hydroxyl group or a methoxy group, and R₄ and R₆ areeach independently hydrogen, a hydroxyl group, or a methoxy group.

In the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention, the chromonederivative may be any one selected from among2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-chromone (eupatilin,Chemical Formula 2),2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-chromone (ChemicalFormula 3),5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-6-methoxy-chromone (ChemicalFormula 4), 5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-6-methoxy-chromone(Chemical Formula 5),5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-chromone (Chemical Formula6), and 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-6,7-dimethoxy-chromone(Chemical Formula 7).

According to the present invention, a pharmaceutical compositioncontains a chromone derivative of Chemical Formula 1 as an activeingredient, thus effectively inhibiting the activation of EMT to therebyenable the effective suppression of fibrosis of an organ or tissue dueto the activation of EMT. In particular, cells that have alreadyundergone fibrosis can be restored to their original normal condition,whereby the middle or late stage of fibrosis can be treated, in additionto the prevention of fibrosis or initial response thereto.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The above and other features and advantages of the present inventionwill be more clearly understood from the following detailed descriptiontaken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 shows the synthesis of eupatilin, which is one of the chromonederivatives of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a graph showing the effect of increasing DEC2 mRNA expressionof eupatilin in macrophages differentiated from bone marrow cells;

FIG. 3 is of images showing the effect of eupatilin on the inhibition offibrosis, in which three pieces of lung tissue from a single mouse ineach test group were recovered, subjected to Masson's trichrome stainingand then observed with a microscope, a normal control group is a normalmouse group to which bleomycin and eupatilin were not administered butonly a vehicle was administered, a bleomycin-administered group is amouse group to which bleomycin was administered to thus induce pulmonaryfibrosis, and a bleomycin+eupatilin-administered group is a mouse groupto which bleomycin was administered to thus induce pulmonary fibrosisand to which eupatilin (40 μg) was also administered;

FIG. 4 shows the results of IHC (Immunohistochemistry) of an ONGHEPA1cell line manufactured from a fibrosis cell model, in which the cellline is cells derived from mesoderm and is not hepatocytes but hepaticstellate cells (HSC), the left illustrating IHC results using a positiveanti-GATA4 antibody response and the right illustrating MC results usinga negative anti-CK-18 antibody response;

FIG. 5 shows the results of FACS (Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting)of an ONGHEPA1 cell line, in which ONGHEPA1 expresses CD29, CD44, CD71and CD106, which are membrane proteins, as mesenchymal stem cells of theliver;

FIG. 6 is of microscope images showing the test results of thefibrosis-inhibiting effect upon treatment with eupatilin (which isabbreviated to “Eup” in the drawings) depending on the incubation timeof ONGHEPA1 cells (6 hr, 12 hr, 24 hr, and 48 hr) and treatment with adrug, in which a control group is a group in which ONGHEPA1 cells wereincubated without additional treatment, 6 h TGFβ to 48 h TGFβ are testgroups to which a culture medium was added with TGF-β (5 ng/mL, TGF-β isused at a concentration of 5 ng/mL in the other drawings) and in whichONGHEPA1 cells were incubated for 6 to 48 hr, and 6 h TGFβ Eup (50 μM)to 48 h TGFβ Eup (50 μM) are test groups to which a culture medium wasadded with TGF-β and eupatilin (50 μM, eupatilin and a chromonederivative are used at a concentration of 50 μM in the other drawings)and in which ONGHEPA1 cells were incubated for 6 to 48 hr;

FIG. 7 is of microscope images showing the test results of the effect ofeupatilin on the inhibition of fibrosis when ONGHEPA1 cells were firsttreated with eupatilin, washed to remove eupatilin and then treated withTGF-β to induce fibrosis, in which DMSO is a control group in which aculture medium was added with DMSO (a solvent for eupatilin) andONGHEPA1 cells were incubated for 24 hr, Eup is a control group in whicha culture medium was added with eupatilin and ONGHEPA1 cells wereincubated for 24 hr, TGFβ is a control group in which a culture mediumwas added with TGF-β and ONGHEPA1 cells were incubated for 24 hr,TGFβ+DMSO is a control group in which a culture medium was added withTGF-β and DMSO and ONGHEPA1 cells were incubated for 24 hr, TGFβ+Eup isa control group in which a culture medium was added with TGF-β andeupatilin and ONGHEPA1 cells were incubated for 24 hr, and Eup-2 hr TGFβto Eup-6 hr TGFβ are test groups in which a culture medium was addedwith eupatilin and ONGHEPA1 cells were incubated for 2 to 6 hr, washedto remove eupatilin, added with TGF-β, and incubated for 24 hr;

FIG. 8 is of microscope images showing the test results of the effect ofeupatilin on the inhibition of fibrosis when ONGHEPA1 cells were firsttreated with TGF-β to induce fibrosis, washed to remove TGF-β and thentreated with eupatilin, in which DMSO is a control group in which aculture medium was added with DMSO (a solvent for eupatilin) andONGHEPA1 cells were incubated for 24 hr, Eup is a control group in whicha culture medium was added with eupatilin and ONGHEPA1 cells wereincubated for 24 hr, TGFβ is a control group in which a culture mediumwas added with TGF-β and ONGHEPA1 cells were incubated for 24 hr,TGFβ+DMSO is a control group in which a culture medium was added withTGF-β and DMSO and ONGHEPA1 cells were incubated for 24 hr, TGFβ+Eup isa control group in which a culture medium was added with TGF-β andeupatilin and ONGHEPA1 cells were incubated for 24 hr, and TGFβ-1 hr Eupto TGFβ-12 hr Eup are test groups in which a culture medium was addedwith TGF-β and ONGHEPA1 cells were incubated for 1 to 12 hr, washed toremove TGF-β, added with eupatilin, and incubated for 24 hr;

FIG. 9 is of microscope images showing the test results of the effect ofeupatilin on reversing fibrosis when ONGHEPA1 cells were first treatedwith TGF-β to induce fibrosis, washed to remove TGF-β and then treatedwith eupatilin or TGF-β, in which TGFβ 24 hr & wash is a control groupin which a culture medium was added with TGF-β and ONGHEPA1 cells wereincubated for 24 hr, washed to remove TGF-β and incubated for 24 hr,TGFβ+TGFβ is a control group in which a culture medium was added withTGF-β and ONGHEPA1 cells were incubated for 24 hr, washed to removeTGF-β, further added with TGF-β, and incubated for 24 hr, and TGFβ+Eupis a test group in which a culture medium was added with TGF-β andONGHEPA1 cells were incubated for 24 hr, washed to remove TGF-β, addedwith eupatilin (50 μM) and TGF-β and incubated for 24 hr;

FIG. 10 is of graphs showing the test results of the effect of eupatilinon the inhibition of EMT, as real-time RT-PCR (Reverse TranscriptionPolymerase Chain Reaction) results obtained by analyzing the extent ofexpression of Col1, Vim and Twist depending on the treatment conditionsof ONGHEPA1 cells, in which Cont is a control group in which ONGHEPA1cells were incubated for 24 hr without additional treatment, Eup is acontrol group in which a culture medium was added with eupatilin andONGHEPA1 cells were incubated for 24 hr, TGFβ is a control group inwhich a culture medium was added with TGF-β and ONGHEPA1 cells wereincubated for 24 hr, and TGFβ+Eup is a test group in which a culturemedium was added with TGF-β and eupatilin and ONGHEPA1 cells wereincubated for 24 hr;

FIGS. 11 and 12 show microscope images of the test results of theeffects of chromone derivatives on the inhibition of fibrosis when cellswere treated with TGF-β to induce fibrosis and then treated with a 50 μMchromone derivative, in which DMEM is a control group in which ONGHEPA1cells were incubated without additional treatment, TGFβ is a controlgroup in which a culture medium was added with TGF-β and ONGHEPA1 cellswere incubated for 24 hr, TGFβ+Eup is a control group in which a culturemedium was added with TGF-β and eupatilin and ONGHEPA1 cells wereincubated for 24 hr, TGFβ+ONGA100 is a test group in which a culturemedium was added with TGF-β and ONGA100 (Chemical Formula 8) andONGHEPA1 cells were incubated for 24 hr, TGFβ+ONGI300 is a test group inwhich a culture medium was added with TGF-β and ONGI300 (ChemicalFormula 3) and ONGHEPA1 cells were incubated for 24 hr, TGFβ+ONGC200 isa test group in which a culture medium was added with TGF-β and ONGC200(Chemical Formula 5) and ONGHEPA1 cells were incubated for 24 hr,TGFβ+ONGE200 is a test group in which a culture medium was added withTGF-β and ONGE200 (Chemical Formula 6) and ONGHEPA1 cells were incubatedfor 24 hr, TGFβ+ONGH200 is a test group in which a culture medium wasadded with TGF-β and ONGH200 (Chemical Formula 7) and ONGHEPA1 cellswere incubated for 24 hr, TGFβ+wogonin is a test group in which aculture medium was added with TGF-β and wogonin (Chemical Formula 9) andONGHEPA1 cells were incubated for 24 hr, TGFβ+ONGB200 is a test group inwhich a culture medium was added with TGF-β and ONGB200 (ChemicalFormula 10) and ONGHEPA1 cells were incubated for 24 hr, TGFβ+ONGE300 isa test group in which a culture medium was added with TGF-β and ONGE300(Chemical Formula 11) and ONGHEPA1 cells were incubated for 24 hr,TGFβ+ONGD200 is a test group in which a culture medium was added withTGF-β and ONGD200 (Chemical Formula 12) and ONGHEPA1 cells wereincubated for 24 hr, TGFβ+ONGH300 is a test group in which a culturemedium was added with TGF-β and ONGH300 (Chemical Formula 13) andONGHEPA1 cells were incubated for 24 hr, and TGFβ+ONGD400 is a testgroup in which a culture medium was added with TGF-β and ONGD400(Chemical Formula 14) and ONGHEPA1 cells were incubated for 24 hr;

FIG. 13 shows the analysis results of transcriptome of ONGHEPA1 cells asa control group, fibrosis-induced ONGHEPA1 cells, and ONGHEPA1 cells inwhich fibrosis was induced and which were treated with eupatilin, acontrol group indicating ONGHEPA1 cells, TGFβ indicating a control groupin which a culture medium was added with TGF-β and ONGHEPA1 cells wereincubated for 24 hr, and TGFβ+Eup indicating a test group in which aculture medium was added with TGF-β and eupatilin and ONGHEPA1 cellswere incubated for 24 hr;

FIG. 14 shows a volcano plot depicting the p-value versus the inductionfold of genes in which gene expression was changed in normal ONGHEPA1cells, fibrosis-induced ONGHEPA1 cells, and ONGHEPA1 cells in whichfibrosis was induced and which were treated with eupatilin; and

FIG. 15 shows the unbiased analysis results of the interactome of genesin which gene expression was significantly changed in normal ONGHEPA1cells, fibrosis-induced ONGHEPA1 cells, and ONGHEPA1 cells in whichfibrosis was induced and which were treated with eupatilin.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

According to conventional research results in which EMT plays animportant role in kidney fibrosis (Grande et al., 2015 and Lovisa etal., 2015) and EMT may be regulated by DEC2 (Suzuki et al., 2014 andSato et al., 2012), correlations between EMT and fibrosis and betweenDEC2 and EMT have been receiving attention. If DEC2 may be adjusted, itis possible to regulate EMT, and consequently fibrosis is deemed to beprevented and treated.

DEC2 is known to be a transcriptional repressor of Twist and Slug, whichare EMT regulators. If the expression of DEC2 may be increased, theexpression of the EMT regulator is inhibited, whereby EMT is suppressed,ultimately inhibiting fibrosis.

Therefore, based on the results of measurement of the DEC2 expressioncontrol potential of eupatilin among chromone derivatives according tothe present invention, eupatilin can be found to significantly increasethe mRNA expression of DEC2 to thus enable the treatment of fibrosis(FIG. 2).

In order to more clearly evaluate the fibrosis treatment potential ofeupatilin, bleomycin was administered to the lungs of a mouse to inducepulmonary fibrosis, and the effect of eupatilin was measured. As theresult thereof, eupatilin can be found to effectively inhibit fibrosisof lung tissue induced by bleomycin to thus enable the practicalinhibition of fibrosis of lung tissue, such as idiopathic pulmonaryfibrosis (FIG. 3).

Furthermore, in order to determine whether eupatilin is able to inhibitfibrosis of tissues other than pulmonary fibrosis, attention was paid toHSC, which is known to be closely associated with liver fibrosis, as amodel therefor. HSC ceases to work under normal conditions and is thenactivated by a cell growth factor such as TGF-β or PDGF when hepaticcells are damaged due to stress such as inflammation, thus producing alarge amount of extracellular matrix (ECM) to thereby harden tissue anddifferentiate HSC itself into myofibroblasts (MFB), undesirably casingtissue fibrosis. Thus, when immortalized cells of HSC are obtained andtreated with TGF-β, fibrosis may be induced, and thus HSC is consideredto be a useful model for fibrosis. Consequently, immortalized HSC wasobtained, and the cell line, which is practically differentiated 100%into MFB by the addition of TGF-β, was established (FIGS. 4 and 5). Thiscell line is called ONGHEPA1 (KCTC13086BP).

Based on the results of measurement of the fibrosis-inhibiting effect ofeupatilin using such ONGHEPA1 cells, eupatilin can be found toeffectively inhibit fibrosis induced by the addition of TGF-β to thusenable the practical inhibition of fibrosis of liver tissue, such asliver fibrosis (FIG. 6). Also, when ONGHEPA1 cells were pretreated witheupatilin, washed to remove eupatilin, and treated with TGF-β to inducefibrosis, no changes were observed. Therefore, eupatilin can also befound to have no influence on normal HSC (FIG. 7).

Although eupatilin has been revealed to inhibit the progress of fibrosisthrough the measurement of the effect of eupatilin during the course offibrosis of tissues or cells, there is a need to evaluate the effect ofeupatilin on fibrosis that is already apparent. Thus, ONGHEPA1 cellswere treated with TGF-β for a predetermined period of time to progressfibrosis, after which changes in the presence of eupatilin weremeasured, from which eupatilin can be found to restore ONGHEPA1 cellsthat have already undergone fibrosis to their original normal condition(FIGS. 8 and 9). This means that eupatilin is able to treat middle orlate stages of fibrosis, as well as being useful in the prevention offibrosis or initial response thereto.

In order to evaluate whether fibrosis may be treated by inhibiting EMTas anticipated in the early research, the expression of EMT-associatedfactors, such as Col1 (type 1 Collagen), Vim (Vimentin) and Twist, wasmeasured. As the result thereof, eupatilin can be found to inhibit theexpression of these genes and thus to suppress EMT to thereby exhibitthe fibrosis-inhibiting effect (FIG. 10).

In order to more clearly evaluate whether the effect of eupatilin on thetreatment of fibrosis is caused by the inhibition of EMT, total mRNA wasanalyzed when fibrosis was induced in normal cells and when fibrosis wasinhibited by eupatilin, whereby genes that showed a significantdifference in expression were investigated and the interactome betweenthese genes was assayed. Therefore, eight gene network hubs wereobtained, and these hubs were mostly composed of EMT-associated genes,and node genes for connecting these hubs are very important factors ofEMT, from which the effect of eupatilin on the treatment of fibrosis canbe concluded to result from the regulation of EMT (FIGS. 13 to 15).

Based on the results of analysis of genes having a large difference inexpression among total mRNA assay results, the expression of 103 geneswas greatly increased due to the induction of fibrosis by TGF-β, andfibrosis was inhibited by the addition of eupatilin, and thus geneexpression was hardly observed. That is, these genes are regarded astarget genes of eupatilin. Most of these genes are associated with EMTand are known to be important in terms of fibrosis based on conventionalresearch results (Tables 2 to 5).

Particularly, there has been a research report on a Follistatin-like 1(Fstl1) gene in which, when the expression of the gene was inhibited,even if pulmonary fibrosis was induced by bleomycin, pulmonary fibrosiswas hardly observed (Dong et al., 2015). The results, in which theexpression of Fstl1 is inhibited to a level of almost zero by eupatilin,more clearly show the effect of eupatilin on the treatment of pulmonaryfibrosis and also support the use of eupatilin as a strong fibrosistherapeutic agent together with the aforementioned hypothesis.

Moreover, 103 such genes were expressed not only in HSC but also inother fibroblasts or cancer cells, from which eupatilin can be found totreat fibrosis of other tissues or cells, as well as liver fibrosis.

Based on these results, the effect of eupatilin on the treatment offibrosis has been confirmed and is deemed to be due to the specificstructure of eupatilin. Accordingly, compounds having structures similarto the structure of eupatilin are expected to manifest similar effects,and the effects of chromone derivatives other than eupatilin on thetreatment of fibrosis were measured in the same manner using ONGHEPA1cells. Thus, chromone derivatives having structures similar to that ofeupatilin, such as those of Chemical Formulas 2, 3, 5 and 7, can befound to exhibit superior fibrosis-inhibiting effects. However, althoughthe chromone derivatives had structures similar to that of eupatilin,the compounds of Chemical Formulas 8, 9 (wogonin), 10, and 11, in whichthe —O—R₂ substituent of Chemical Formula 1 is H, had no effects on theinhibition of fibrosis, and the compounds of Chemical Formula 12, inwhich the —O—R₂ substituent is —OH, and Chemical Formulas 13 and 14, inwhich the R₃ substituent is —O—CH₃ (methoxy), exhibited toxicity such asnecrosis and the like (FIGS. 11 and 12).

In order to exhibit fibrosis-inhibiting effects, the —O—R₂ substituentand the R₃ substituent are very important in the structure of ChemicalFormula 1. Thus, in the structure of Chemical Formula 1, the case wherethe —O—R₂ substituent is not H or —OH and the R₃ substituent is not—O—CH₃ is deemed to exhibit the fibrosis-inhibiting effect.

The chromone derivative of the present invention may be prepared througha typical method, for example, the process of FIG. 1 or modificationsthereof, and may be easily purchased from companies that synthesize orsell such compounds.

In the present invention, the pharmaceutical composition may contain thechromone derivative of the invention in an amount of 0.1 to 90 wt %based on the total weight of the composition.

In the present invention, the pharmaceutical composition may be orallyor parenterally administered upon clinical administration. Uponparenteral administration, intraperitoneal injection, intrarectalinjection, subcutaneous injection, intravenous injection, intramuscularinjection, epidural injection in the uterus, intracerebroventricularinjection or intrathoracic injection is possible, and the pharmaceuticalcomposition may be used in the form of a typical medical formulation.

In the present invention, the pharmaceutical composition may be usedalone or in combination with surgery, radiation therapy, hormonetherapy, chemotherapy and biological response modifiers.

The pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention may beadministered daily in a dose of about 0.0001 to 100 mg, and preferably0.001 to 10 mg per kg of body weight based on the chromone derivativecontained in the composition, and may be administered once or dividedinto multiple administrations several times per day, but the dosethereof may vary depending on the patient's body weight, age, gender,state of health, diet, administration time, administration method,excretion rate, and disease severity.

Upon actual clinical administration, a variety of formulations may beparenterally administered. The composition may be formulated using avehicle or a diluent, such as a filler, an extender, a binder, ahumectant, a disintegrant, a surfactant, etc. The formulation forparenteral administration may include a sterile aqueous solution, anon-aqueous solution, a suspension, an emulsion, a lyophilisate, or asuppository. The non-aqueous solution or the suspension may includepropylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, a vegetable oil such as oliveoil, or an injectable ester such as ethyl oleate. The substrate for thesuppository may include Witepsol, Macrogol, Tween 61, cacao oil, laurinoil, glycerogelatin and the like.

The pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention maycontain at least one additional active ingredient having the same orsimilar function, in addition to the chromone derivative of theinvention.

A better understanding of the present invention may be obtained via thefollowing examples, which are set forth to illustrate, but are not to beconstrued as limiting the scope of the present invention.

Chromone Derivative

Used in this embodiment were chromone derivatives, including2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-chromone (ChemicalFormula 2) (eupatilin),2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-chromone (ChemicalFormula 3) (hereinafter, referred to as “ONGI300”),5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-6-methoxy-chromone (Chemical Formula5) (hereinafter, referred to as “ONGE200”),5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-chromone (Chemical Formula6) (hereinafter, referred to as “ONGC200”),2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-6,7-dimethoxy-chromone (ChemicalFormula 7) (hereinafter, referred to as “ONGH200”), and wogonin and thelike as represented by Chemical Formulas 8 to 14.

Useful in this embodiment, eupatilin, synthesized through the proceduresof FIG. 1, was used.

Example 1: Evaluation of Increase in DEC2 Expression

DEC2 is known to be a transcriptional repressor of Twist and Slug, whichare EMT regulators. The present inventors have determined that thetranscription of EMT regulators such as Twist and Slug was suppressedwith an increase in DEC2 expression, and thus tissue fibrosis wasinhibited due to the suppression of EMT.

Accordingly, whether DEC2 expression was increased using the chromonederivative of the invention was evaluated. Eupatilin was used as thechromone derivative.

Mouse bone marrow cells (MBMC) were activated with M-CSF(Macrophage-Colony Stimulating Factor) and RANK (Receptor Activator ofNFκB) ligand (RANKL) and then incubated for 4 days in the presence ofeupatilin at 50 μM, after which the extent of expression of DEC2 wasmeasured.

As illustrated in FIG. 2, eupatilin was confirmed to act as a DEC2inducer capable of increasing the mRNA expression of DEC2 7- to 8-fold.

Example 2: Evaluation of Effect on Fibrosis of Lung Tissue Induced byBleomycin

The increase in DEC2 expression by eupatilin was confirmed in Example 1,and thus, in order to evaluate the ability of eupatilin to inhibitfibrosis, whether it was possible to practically inhibit tissue fibrosisusing eupatilin was checked using actual animal models.

Five-week-old male C57BL/6J mice (weight: 18.2 to 20.5 g) (KOATECH,Korea) were used as experimental animals, and each test group wascomposed of five experimental animals, as is summarized in Table 1below.

TABLE 1 Bleomycin Eupatilin Test group administration administrationNormal control group — — Bleomycin-administered group 40 μg/head vehicleBleomycin + 1 μg of eupatilin- 40 μg/head  1 μg/20 μL administered groupBleomycin + 5 μg of eupatilin- 40 μg/head  5 μg/20 μL administered groupBleomycin + 10 μg of eupatilin- 40 μg/head 10 μg/20 μL administeredgroup Bleomycin + 20 μg of eupatilin- 40 μg/head 20 μg/20 μLadministered group Bleomycin + 40 μg of eupatilin- 40 μg/head 40 μg/20μL administered group

The experimental animals were bred using a breeding box having a size of369L×156W×132H (mm) (EU, USA, UK GL compliance) made of a polysulfonematerial in a SPF (Specific Pathogen Free) and BSL (Bio Safety Level) 2grade facility. The number of animals in each breeding box was 2 to 3during the period of quarantine and acclimatization and was also 2 to 3during the testing period, and the breeding conditions were set to atemperature of 22±2° C., a relative humidity of 50.0±15.0%, aventilation cycle of 10 to 20 times/hr, a light-dark cycle (aphotoperiod) of 12 hr/day (07:00 to 19:00), and an illuminationintensity of 150 to 300 Lux.

Pulmonary fibrosis was induced by directly injecting a bleomycinsolution into the lungs via the trachea according to the intratrachealinstillation (IT) method of Kremer, Laxer and Berkman et al.Specifically, C57BL/6J mice were anesthetized through inhalation with70% N₂O and 30% O₂ gas and 1.5% isoflurane, and the skin of the anteriorneck thereof was excised and the organs under the muscle thereof wereexposed and then carefully excised using ophthalmic surgical scissors.50 μL of a bleomycin solution in distilled water was directly injectedinto the lungs all at once via the excised organ using a 1 mL syringefitted with a 19-gauge injection needle having a blunt tip. Immediatelyafter the injection, the excised skin of the anterior neck was suturedand the mice were allowed to recover from the anesthetic, transferredinto a general breeding cage and then bred. The administration ofbleomycin was performed using a visual instillobot, and bleomycin-HCl 40μg/50 μL was administered once and a pulmonary fibrosis induction periodof 12 days was set.

Eupatilin was used by being dissolved in a DPBS buffer (containing 1%DMSO), and the amount of eupatilin that was administered was 1 mL/kg,and the dose for each individual was calculated based on the recent bodyweight thereof 12 days after the administration of bleomycin, eupatilinwas forcibly nasally administered once a day (5 times a week) for 1 weekusing a micropipette. For 2 to 3 days after the administration ofeupatilin, toxic symptoms and the occurrence of death were observed, butno particularly abnormal symptoms were observed after the administrationof bleomycin and eupatilin.

Three mice per test group were selected and the lung tissues thereofwere separated. The separated lung tissues were stained with Masson'strichrome and observed with a microscope. As the result thereof,pulmonary fibrosis was induced by the addition of bleomycin, and wasconfirmed to be inhibited due to the administration of eupatilin in thegroup administered with 20 μg of eupatilin and the group administeredwith 40 μg of eupatilin. In particular, pulmonary fibrosis was moreeffectively inhibited in the group administered with 40 μg of eupatilin(FIG. 3).

Consequently, eupatilin can be found to be useful as an effectivetherapeutic agent for a fibrotic disease, especially pulmonary fibrosis.

Example 3. Evaluation of Effect on Liver Fibrosis

In order to evaluate the effect of the chromone derivative on liverfibrosis, HSC was prepared and then treated with TGF-β, and during theinduction of liver fibrosis, the effect of the chromone derivative wasmeasured.

3-1. Preparation of HSC

The liver tissue was separated from C57BL/6 mice and a single-cellsuspension thereof was made, and immortalized cells were obtainedthrough continuous culture and were confirmed to be mesenchymal stemcells (MSC) of HSC via RT-PCR (Reverse Transcription Polymerase ChainReaction) using MC (Immunohistochemistry) and FACS(Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting). This cell line was called“ONGHEPA1”, and was deposited with the Korean Collection for TypeCultures (KCTC) of the Korea Research Institute of Bioscience andBiotechnology and assigned accession number KCTC13086BP.

HSC is closely related with liver fibrosis. HSC was converted intomyofibroblasts, and various proteins associated with EMT (EpithelialMesenchymal Transition) were secreted, thereby inducing liver fibrosis.Thus, the mesenchymal stem cells of HSC may be used as an excellentliver fibrosis model.

-   -   RT-PCR result: Albumin negative result, from which the ONGHEPA1        cell line was confirmed not to be hepatocytes. For reference,        HSC was not hepatocytes, and thus did not express albumin.    -   IHC result: the ONGHEPA1 cell line was immobilized and then        subjected to IHC using the anti-GATA4 and anti-CK-18 antibodies,        thereby expressing GATA4 and CK-18, that is, endo/ectodermal        markers. This means that the ONGHEPA1 cell line is not        hepatocytes (FIG. 4).    -   FACS result: To check whether the ONGHEPA1 cell line is MSC of        the liver, FACS was performed with the MSC marker antibody.        CD29, CD44, CD71 and CD106 were expressed on the surface of        cells, and thus ONGHEPA1 was confirmed to be MSC (FIG. 5).

3-2. Analysis of Fibrotic Characteristics of Liver Fibrosis Cell Line

The most important cells that cause liver fibrosis are HSC. HSCdifferentiates into various cells, one of which is myofibroblasts. Also,HSC secretes a large amount of extracellular matrix protein (ECM)between the cells to thus slow the movement of the cells. Collagen α1 isthe most abundant ECM protein. Simultaneously, α-SM-actinin (alphasmooth muscle actinin) is over-expressed in the fibroblasts, thushardening the cytoskeleton.

Using such properties of HSC, the fibrotic characteristics of ONGHEPA1were measured. To induce fibrosis, TGF-β (transforming growth factorbeta) was added, and the morphologies of the cells were observed after 6hr, 12 hr, 24 hr, and 48 hr. Consequently, fibrosis was confirmed toprogress considerably after 24 hr and further progress after 48 hr (A ofFIG. 6).

3-3. Analysis of Effect of Eupatilin

Based on the fibrotic characteristics of ONGHEPA1 cells as confirmed in3-2 above, the test for analyzing the effect of eupatilin was performed.

While ONGHEPA1 cells were incubated, they were treated with TGF-β toinduce fibrosis, and 50 μM of eupatilin was added to the culture medium.Unlike the TGF-β-treated fibrosis test group (Example 3-2, A of FIG. 6),the differentiation of HSC into myofibroblasts and also fibrosis werenot observed after 24 hr (B of FIG. 6). Such results show that eupatilinwas capable of effectively blocking the differentiation of MSC-derivedHSC into myofibroblasts, which is regarded as a major cause of liverfibrosis.

In order to more clearly evaluate the effect of eupatilin as above,changes were measured when ONGHEPA1 cells were first treated witheupatilin, washed to remove eupatilin and then treated with TGF-β toinduce fibrosis. As shown in FIG. 7, even when the cells were pretreatedwith eupatilin, the progress of fibrosis was not inhibited in theabsence of eupatilin during the course of fibrosis. This means thateupatilin is directly associated with the course of fibrosis to thusinhibit the progress of fibrosis.

On the contrary, changes were measured when ONGHEPA1 cells were firsttreated with TGF-β to induce fibrosis, washed to remove TGF-β and thentreated with eupatilin. As shown in FIG. 8, normal cells such as acontrol group were maintained because of the treatment with eupatilindespite the induction of fibrosis due to pretreatment with TGF-β. Evenwhen fibrosis was already progressed, eupatilin was able to restore thecells to their original normal condition.

In order to more clearly evaluate whether eupatilin was able to restorethe cells that already undergone fibrosis to normal cells, changes weremeasured when ONGHEPA1 cells were treated with TGF-β for 24 hr to inducecomplete fibrosis and then treated with eupatilin. As shown in FIG. 9,eupatilin can be concluded to restore the cells in which fibrosis hasbeen completely induced by TGF-β to their normal condition. This meansthat fibrosis that has progressed considerably can be effectivelytreated using eupatilin.

Also in order to evaluate whether the effect of eupatilin describedabove is due to the influence of eupatilin on EMT, for the cellsincubated for 24 hr in each test group, the extent of expression of ECM,for example, Col1 (type 1 Collagen), Vim (Vimentin) and Twist, wasmeasured through real-time RT-PCR. As illustrated in FIG. 10, fibrosiswas induced by the addition of TGF-β, and thus the expression of EMTregulators was increased, but the expression thereof was inhibited bythe addition of eupatilin.

Therefore, eupatilin can be concluded to be useful as an effectivetherapeutic agent for a fibrotic disease, especially liver fibrosis.

3-4. Analysis of Effects of Chromone Derivatives Other than Eupatilin

The effects of various chromone derivatives other than eupatilin onfibrosis were measured in the same manner as in Example 3-3. WhileONGHEPA1 cells were incubated, fibrosis was induced by TGF-β, and achromone derivative was added at a concentration of 50 μM to the culturemedium.

As shown in FIG. 11, the chromone derivatives such as ONGI300, ONGC200,ONGE200 and ONGH200 were effective at inhibiting the progress offibrosis. Meanwhile, as shown in FIGS. 11 and 12, wogonin, ONGA100,ONGB200 and ONGE300 had no effects or very low effects of inhibiting theprogress of fibrosis, and ONGD200, ONGH300 and ONGD400 caused toxicitysuch as necrosis, etc.

Example 4. Global Gene Expression Analysis

For a mechanism for the therapeutic effect on fibrosis, the global geneexpression of DMSO-treated ONGHEPA1 cells (a control group), ONGHEPA1cells in which fibrosis was induced by TGF-β, and ONGHEPA1 cells treatedwith TGF-β and eupatilin was measured.

The cells were treated with DMSO, TGF-β or eupatilin for 24 hr, andtotal RNA was isolated to manufacture a library, after which about10,000 expressed mRNA species in a total transcriptome of 30 Gb wereanalyzed using an Illumina High-seq sequencer.

The following results were obtained (FIG. 13).

1) The number of genes expressed in common in three test groups: 9,033

2) The number of genes specifically expressed in a control groupONGHEPA1 cell line: 628

3) The number of genes specifically expressed upon treatment with TGF-β:169

4) The number of genes specifically expressed upon treatment with TGF-βand eupatilin: 150

5) The number of genes expressed in common in a TGF-β-treated group anda TGF-β+eupatilin-treated group: 657

6) The number of genes expressed in common in a control group and aTGF-β-treated group: 171

7) The number of genes expressed in common in a control group and aTGF-β+eupatilin-treated group: 188

When the ONGHEPA1 cell line was treated with TGF-β, the expression of826 (=169+657) genes was induced and thus an EMT program was activated.Thereafter, additional treatment with eupatilin caused the expression of338 (=150+188) genes to be further induced to thereby reverse the EMTprogram to its original state, resulting in trans-differentiation.

The results of a comparison of the p-value and the induction fold ofgenes whose expression was changed in a TGF-β-treated group and aTGF-β+eupatilin-treated group are depicted in the form of a volcano plotin FIG. 14.

EMT, which is a cellular program implicated in the generation of tumors,differentiation of stem cells and fibrosis, is known to be associatedwith hundreds of genes to date. Collagen α1, Vimentin, α-SM-actinin,Twist, Snail1, Snail2 (=Slug), N-Cadherin and the like arerepresentative EMT markers. In this Example, eupatilin was revealed toinhibit the expression of Collagen α1, Vimentin and Twist genes due toTGF-β, and, based on the results of RNA-Seq, 976 genes were newlyexpressed by the treatment with TGF-β or eupatilin, and the expressionof 9,033 genes found in common in all treatment groups was slightlyincreased or decreased. Hence, all of them are regarded as directly orindirectly affecting EMT. Accordingly, all of about 10,000 genes, theexpression of which is adjusted to the statistical level of p<0.05through treatment with TGF-β and eupatilin, were selected, a bigdata-based gene interactome, encompassing all functions of proteinsencoded by the selected genes, was analyzed in an unbiased manner, andthe network therebetween was assayed (FIG. 15).

Surprisingly, eight gene network hubs were used to form a single networkframework by means of different nodes, and eight hubs were mainlycomposed of EMT-associated genes. A cytoskeleton proteome hub (I) and acollagen proteome hub (II) were configured to form a network by means ofan integrin α1 (Itga1) node, and a cell cycle proteome hub-1 (III)including Cyclin B1, which is known to be an important factor of EMT,was connected to a protein kinase C alpha (PKCA) node to thus constructa rigid network by means of an integrin beta 3 (Itbg3) node togetherwith the above three proteome hubs. The other second cell cycle hub-2(IV) was configured such that a transcriptional factor Lymphoid EnhancerBinding Factor 1 (Leff) node was connected by means of Cyclin D1 (Ccdn1)and the Adenylate Cyclase 9 (Adcy9) signal transmission hub wasnetworked with EMT factors, such as C-Fos, CCL2 and Junb, by means ofChemokine CXCL16, which is important for EMT. Here, the Adcy9 signaltransmission hub is deemed to be a new EMT regulator that is affected byeupatilin. A CD44 hub (V), which is known to significantly affect EMT ofcancer cells, was connected to a secreted phosphoprotein 1(Spp1/Osteopontin) node, which is associated with cell migration andinvasion. Also, Spp1 (osteopontin) was known to be an important EMTfactor. The Spp1 node was networked with ECM protease, that is, Mmp3.The hub (VI) including Fibrillin and Elastin, which are importantproteins of an ECM and are main EMT factors, was connected to thecentral node, namely integrin b3 (Itgb3). The EMT-causingcytokine-transforming growth factor b2 proteome hub (VII) was configuredto include serpine1 and Figf (=VegfD) and to construct a network withthe kinase insert domain receptor (Kdr) node. Known as an importantreceptor of EMT, the semaphorin and cholesterol receptor (Vldr) hub(VIII) was configured to include plexin D, semaphorin 3E, neurophilinand NGF and the semaphorin receptor hub was configured to form a networkwith the Kdr node. The Vldr receptor hub was connected to the insulinreceptor substrate 21 (rs2) via the nerve growth factor (Ngf) to form asignal transmission axis. As the main transcriptional factor of EMT, aSnail2 (=Slug)−E-Cadherin (=Cadh1) node was configured to construct anetwork with the cell cycle proteome hub (II), and E-Cadherin wasconnected to the important EMT factors, for example, Mmp3, caveolin(Cav), Tenascin C (Tnc) and PKCa. PKCa was configured to construct anetwork with the cytoskeleton and collagen proteome hubs by means ofintegrin b4. Tenascin C was directly connected to the integrin b3.

<Hub I. Cytoskeleton Proteome Hub>

Troponin I1 & Troponin I2, Tropomyosin 2, Transgelin, α2 smooth muscleactin, Myosin heavy chain 9 & 11, Leiomodin 1, γ2 smooth muscle actinin,Laminin subunit α4

<Hub II. Collagen Proteome Hub>

Collagen 4 α5 & α6, Collagen 5 α1 & α3, Collagen 6 α3, Collagen 8 α1 &α5, Collagen 11 α1, Collagen 12 α1, Collagen 15 α1

<Hub III. Cell Cycle Proteome Hub-1>

Cyclin B1, Gadd45a, Cyclin F, ASPM, NIMA-related kinase (Nek2),Optineurin

<Hub IV. Cell Cycle Proteome Hub-2>

Cyclin D1, Cdk14, C-Fos, Junb, CCL2, CCL7

<Hub V. CD44-Associated Proteome Hub>

Cd44, Hypoxia Up-Regulated 1 (Hyoul), Ncam, Calreticulin,Immunity-Related GTPase M (Irgm1), Parp4, Parp9, Pdia4 & Pdia6

<Hub VI. Fibrillin Proteome Hub>

Efemp2 (EGF Containing Fibulin-Like Extracellular Matrix Protein 2),Fibrillin 5 (FbnS), Fibrillin 2 (Fbn2), Elastin (Eln), Fibrillin 1(Fbn1)

<Hub VII. Transforming Growth Factor Beta 2 Proteome Hub>

RAR Related Orphan Receptor A (Rora), Neuronal PAS Domain Protein 2(Npas2), Serpine 1, Transforming Growth Factor Beta 2 (Tgfb2), VascularEndothelial Growth Factor D (Figf)

<Hub VIII. Semaphorin & Vldr Receptor Proteome Hub>

Plexin D1, Semaphorin 3E, Semaphorin 3A, Neurophilin 1, Very Low DensityLipoprotein Receptor, Nerve Growth Factor (Ngf)

<Major Network Node of TGF-β-Eupatilin Interactome>

Integrin α1, Integrin β3, Integnn β4, Protein kinase Cα, Len, Slug,Cadherin1 (=E-Cadherin), Adenylate cyclase 9, Spp1 Osteopontin),Fibrilin1, Dedicator of cytokinesis 1 (Dock1), Syk2, Notch4, etc.

Therefore, eupatilin acted to reverse the EMT program that was inducedby the treatment with TGF-β. This mechanism was composed of the birthand death of eight EMT proteome hubs, that is, cytoskeleton proteome hub(I), collagen proteome hub (II), cell cycle proteome hub-1 (III), cellcycle proteome hub-2 (IV), CD44-associated proteome hub (V), fibrillinproteome hub (VI), TGF-β2 proteome hub (VII), and Semaphorin and Vldrreceptor proteome hub (VIII), and integrin α1, integrin β3, proteinkinase Cα, Snali2, Kdr, E-cadherin, and adenylate cyclase 9 are nodesthat are important for connecting the network.

Example 5. Analysis of Target Gene

Based on the analytical results of the global gene expression as inExample 4, among genes that deteriorate expression upon treatment witheupatilin after the addition of ONGHEPA1 cells with TGF-β to induceexpression, specifically among genes that cause a difference inexpression between a TGF-β-treated group and a eupatilin-treated group,genes in which expression was greatly increased by the addition of TGF-βbut seldom occurred upon the addition of eupatilin were screened.

Accordingly, 103 genes thus screened are shown in Tables 2 to 5 below.

TABLE 2 No. Description (Abbreviation) Log2fc p-value 1 Actin, gamma2(Actg2) −5.83  0.00005 2 Periostin (Postn) −4.92  0.00005 3 Collagen,type XI, alpha 1 (Col11a1) −3.11  0.00005 4 Fibronectin 1 (Fn1) infinite0.0002 5 Thrombospondin, type I domain containing 5.06 0.0002 7A(Thsd7a) 6 TraB domain containing 2B (Trabd2b) 2.75 0.0003 7 Collagentype XV, alpha 1 (Col5a1) 2.26 0.00055 8 Slit homolog 3 (Slit3) 3.650.00065 9 Cell migration inducing protein, hyaluronan −2.75  0.00095binding (Cemip) 10 Inhibition beta-A (Inhba) 2.19 0.0015 11 Spectrinalpha, erythrocytic 1 (Spta1) 4.01 0.00165 12 Exocyst complex component4 (Exoc4) 2.9  0.0019 13 A disintegrin-like and metallopeptidase with2.09 0.0025 thrombospondin type 1 motif 12 (Adamts12) 14 Ephrin B2(Efnb2) 1.92 0.0038 15 c-fos induced growth factor (Figf) 2.49 0.0044 16Elastin (Eln) 3.28 0.00555 17 Heparan sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase 23.26 0.0056 (Hs6st2) 18 Perlecan (Heparan sulfate proteoglycan2)infinite 0.0057 (Hspg2) 19 Tubulin-specific chaperone d (Tbcd) 2.110.00595 20 Natriuretic peptide receptor 3 (Npr3) 2.82 0.00675 21 Serin(or cysteine) peptidase inhibitor, 1.99 0.00685 clade F, member 1(Serpinf1) 22 TLC domain-containing protein 2 (Tlcd2) infinite 0.0074 23Fras 1 related extracellular matrix protein 2.36 0.0075 1 (Frem1) 24Caldesmon 1 (Cald1) infinite 0.0074 25 Lysyl oxidase-like 2 (Loxl2) 1.930.0078 26 Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 infinite 0.00785(Timp3) 27 Collagen, type III, alpha 1 (Col3a1) infinite 0.0083 28Protein disulfide isomerase associated 6 1.85 0.00835 (Pdia6) 29Pleiotrophin (Ptn) 2.06 0.00875 30 Prostate androgen-regulatedmucin-like 1.57 0.01225 protein 1 (Parm1)

TABLE 3 No. Description (Abbreviation) Log2fc p-value 31Dihydropyrimidinase-like 3 (Dpysl3) infinite 0.0138 32 Collagen, typeXII, alpha 1 (Col12a1) 2.02 0.01435 33 Crystallin, zeta (quinonereductase)- infinite 0.01475 like 1 (Cryzl1) 34 Calumenin (Calu)infinite 0.015 35 Follistatin-like 1 (Fstl1) infinite 0.0156 36 Vinculin(Vcl) infinite 0.01575 37 Cyclin D2 (Ccnd2) 2.29 0.01585 38 Adisintegrin-like and metallopeptidase 2.08 0.1685 (reprolysin type) withthrombospondin type 1 motif 2 (Adamts2) 39 Dysferlin (Dysf) 2.06 0.0176540 Olfactomedin 2 (Olfm2) 1.9  0.01845 41 Ubiquitin-like modifieractivating infinite 0.01855 enzyme 1 (Uba1) 42 Leprecan 1 (Lepre1) 1.750.01865 43 Prosaposin (Psap) infinite 0.01875 44 Latent transforminggrowth factor beta 3.32 0.01985 binding protein 1 (Ltbp1) 45 Spectrinbeta, non-erythrocytic 1 infinite 0.02 (Sptbn1) 46 Palladin,cytoskeletal associated protein infinite 0.02005 (Palld) 47 Protein FAM53B (Fam53b) infinite 0.02015 48 Caveolin 1, Caveolae protein (Cav1)1.76 0.02025 49 Nischarin (Nisch) infinite 0.02075 50 Fibronectin typeIII domain containing 1.75 0.02105 1 (Fndc1) 51 Tropomyosin 1, alpha(Tpm1) infinite 0.02145 52 Doublecortin-like kinase 1 (Dclk1) 1.54 0.02353 Actin alpha 4 (Actn4) infinite 0.0241 54 Colony stimulating factor 1(macrophage) 2.15 0.02535 (Csf1) 55 Tenascin C (Tnc) 5.1  0.02575 56Intersectin 1 (SH3 domain protein 1A) infinite 0.0263 (Itsn1) 57Transforming, acidic coiled-coil infinite 0.0267 containing protein 2(Tacc2) 58 Pleckstrin and sec7 domain containing 3 1.43 0.0275 (Psd3) 59C-terminal-binding protein 2 (Ctbp2) infinite 0.0277 60 Heat shockprotein 90, alpha (cytosolic), infinite 0.029 class A member 1(Hsp90aa1)

TABLE 4 No. Description (Abbreviation) Log2fc p-value 61 Septin2 (Sept2)infinite 0.02975 62 Epidermal growth factor-containing fibulin-  1.660.03005 like extracellular matrix protein 2 (Efemp2) 63 EH-domaincontaining 2 (Ehd2) infinite 0.03025 64 Coatomer protein complex,subunit gamma infinite 0.03045 1 (Copg1) 65 v-myc myelocytomatosis viralrelated  2.05 0.031 oncogene, neuroblastoma derived (Mycn) 66 Lethalgiant larvae homolog 1 (Ligi1) infinite 0.0331 67 Interleukin 18receptor accessory protein  1.69 0.0332 (Il18rap) 68 Willians-Beurensyndrome chromosome −2.83 0.03325 region 17 homolog (Wbscr17) 69Collagen type 1 alpha 1 (Col1a1) −1.64 0.0334 70 Synaptopodin (Synpo)−infinite 0.03375 71 Integral beta 5 (Itgb5) −infinite 0.0342 72Tankyrase, TRF1-interacting ankyrin- −infinite 0.0349 related ADP-ribosepolymerase 2 (Tnks2) 73 Procollagen-lysine, 2-oxoglutarate −2.01 0.03555-dioxygenase 3 (Plod3) 74 BTAF1 RNA polymerase II, B-TFIID −infinite0.0356 transcription factor-associated (Btaf1) 75 Dynein cytoplasmic 1heavy chain 1 −infinite 0.03565 (Dync1h1) 76 Aurora kinase A (Aurka)−15.3  0.03595 77 WNK lysine deficient protein kinase −infinite 0.036851 (Wnk1) 78 Collagen type VII alpha1 (Col7a1) −15.2  0.03715 79Procollagen-proline, 2-oxoglutarate −1.81 0.0375 4-dioxygenase (proline4-hydroxylase), alpha 1 polypeptide (P4ha1) 80 Spectrin repeatcontaining nuclear −infinite 0.0376 envelope 2 (Syne2) 81 Cell cycleassociated protein 1 (Caprin1) −infinite 0.0382 82 Calreticulin (Calr)−1.74 0.03845 83 Endoglin (Eng) −infinite 0.03895 84Microtubule-associated protein 4 (Map4) −infinite 0.039 85 rho/racguanine nucleotide exchange −infinite 0.03915 factor (GEF) 2 (Arhgef2)86 Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1 −infinite 0.03985 (Ip6k1) 87 TEADomain Transcription factor 1 −infinite 0.04005 (TEAD1) 88 Procollagenlysine, 2-oxoglutarate −1.48 0.0402 5-dioxygenase 2 (Plod2) 89 Familywith sequence similarity 175, −infinite 0.0413 member B (Fam175b) 90ArfGAP with SH3 domain, ankyrin repeat −infinite 0.0414 and PH domain 1(Asap1)

TABLE 5 No. Description (Abbreviation) Log2fc p-value 91 Laminin, alpha4 (Lama4) −1.29 0.04145 92 Serine (or cysteine) peptidase inhibitor,−1.78 0.0419 clade E, member 1 (Serpine 1) 93 Importin-4 (Ipo4)−infinite 0.04235 94 Transformation/transcription domain- −infinite0.043 associated protein (Trrap) 95 Surfeit 1 (SURF1) −infinite 0.044 96Oxysterol binding protein-like 9 −infinite 0.0458 (Osbpl9) 97Endoplasmic reticulum-golgi intermediate −1.26 0.0465 compartment 1(ERGIC1) 98 Ring finger protein 145 (Rnf145) −infinite 0.04665 99 AXLreceptor tyrosine kinase (Axl) −infinite 0.048 100 Latent transforminggrowth factor −infinite 0.04845 beta binding protein 2 (Ltbp2) 101Latent transforming growth factor −infinite 0.0492 beta binding protein4 (Ltbp4) 102 Multiple coagulation factor deficiency −1.28 0.04935 2(Mcfd2) 103 Thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1 (Akt1) −infinite 0.04985

Based on the results of measurement of functions and related research of103 genes, most of them were identified as factors associated with EMT.Particularly, there is a research report that pulmonary fibrosis washardly observed in the case where Follistatin-like 1 (Fstl1) gene wasknocked out, even when pulmonary fibrosis was induced by bleomycin (Donget al., 2015).

ACCESSION NUMBER

Depositary Institution: Korea Research Institute of Bioscience andBiotechnology

Accession Number: KCTC13086BP

Accession Date: 20160825

Although the preferred embodiments of the present invention have beendisclosed for illustrative purposes, those skilled in the art willappreciate that various modifications, additions and substitutions arepossible, without departing from the scope and spirit of the inventionas disclosed in the accompanying claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of treating a disease caused by fibrosisof an organ or tissue in vivo in a subject in need thereof, comprising:providing a pharmaceutical composition comprising2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-chromone or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as an active ingredient; andadministering the pharmaceutical composition to the subject, wherein thedisease is treated, wherein the disease is selected from the groupconsisting of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, myelofibrosis, and kidneyfibrosis.